Evidence map
Where the evidence is strong, mixed, or missing
This map prioritizes primary sources. It does not assume any claim is true without documented evidence. Use it to navigate the archive and see where more primary sources are still required.
Strong primary evidence
- Diffraction and spectroscopy studies on liquid water structure.
- Thermophysical property standards and IAPWS releases.
- Instrumental methods that measure hydrogen bonding and structure.
Mixed or early-stage evidence
- Clinical studies on hydrogen-rich and electrolyzed water (small trials).
- Performance and fatigue studies in athletic settings.
- Device claims supported by patents but limited independent replication.
Evidence gaps
- Large-scale, multi-center clinical trials for structured water products.
- Independent lab verification of device-specific structuring claims.
- Primary records for suppression or shutdown narratives.
How we label claims
Primary evidence
Direct measurements, peer-reviewed papers, patents, official records.
Secondary interpretation
Reviews, commentary, or synthesis that extend beyond direct data.
Allegation
Claims without primary documentation, noted but not treated as fact.